Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
ذُوالفِقار علی بُھٹّو: ذوالفقار علي ڀٽو 5 January 1928 – 4 April 1979 was a Pakistani barrister and politician who served as the fourth President from 1971 to 1973 and later as the ninth Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1973 to 1977. His government drafted the Constitution of Pakistan in 1973 which remains in effect. He was the founder of the Pakistan People's Party PPP and served as its chairman until his execution. His daughter Benazir Bhutto later led the Pakistan People's Party PPP and was the 11th and 13th Prime Minister of Pakistan his grandson Bilawal Bhutto Zardari is the current chairman of the PPP and is serving as the Foreign Minister of Pakistan.Born in Sindh and educated at the University of California, Berkeley and the University of Oxford Bhutto trained as a barrister at Lincoln's Inn before entering politics as one of President Iskander Mirza's cabinet members and was assigned several ministries during President Ayub Khan's military rule from 1958. Appointed Foreign Minister in 1963 Bhutto was a proponent of Operation Gibraltar in Kashmir leading to war with India in 1965. After the Tashkent Agreement ended hostilities, Bhutto fell out with Ayub Khan and was sacked from government. Bhutto founded the PPP in 1967 on a socialist platform, and contested general elections held by President Yahya Khan in 1970. While the Awami League won a majority of seats overall nationwide the PPP won a majority of seats in West Pakistan only where Awami League did not win any seat the two parties were unable to agree on the power transfer and a new constitution. In particular, Awami League's Six Point Movement was seen by many in West Pakistan including President Yahya Khan and Z. A. Bhutto as a way to break up the country. The refusal of Bhutto and Yahya to accept a Bengali as the Prime Minister of Pakistan led to the uprisings and movements in East Pakistan, and counter steps taken by the Army ordered by Yahya Khan and supported by Bhutto ultimately led to the Creation of Bangladesh. In the wake of Pakistan losing the war against Bangladesh-allied India in December 1971 Bhutto took the presidency in December 1971 and emergency rule was imposed. When Bhutto set about rebuilding Pakistan. He stated his intention was to "rebuild confidence and rebuild hope for the future".
By July 1972, Bhutto recovered 93,000 prisoners of war and 5,000 sq mi of Indian-held territory after signing the Simla Agreement. He strengthened ties with China and Saudi Arabia recognised Bangladesh and hosted the second Organisation of the Islamic Conference in Lahore in 1974. Domestically Bhutto's reign saw parliament unanimously approve a new constitution in 1973 upon which he appointed Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry President and switched to the newly empowered office of Prime Minister. He also played an integral role in initiating the country's nuclear programme. However Bhutto's nationalisation of much of Pakistan's fledgling industries, healthcare, and educational institutions was met with economic stagnation. After dissolving provincial feudal governments in Balochistan was met with unrest, Bhutto also ordered an army operation in the province in 1973, causing thousands of civilian casualties. Despite civil disorder the PPP won parliamentary elections in 1977 by a wide margin. However, the opposition alleged widespread vote rigging and violence escalated across the country. On 5 July that same year Bhutto was deposed in a military coup by his appointed army chief Zia-ul-Haq, before being controversially tried and executed by the Supreme Court of Pakistan in 1979 for authorising the murder of a political opponent.
Bhutto remains a contentious figure being hailed for his nationalism and secular internationalist agenda yet criticized for intimidating his political opponents and for human rights violations. He is often considered one of Pakistan's greatest leaders, and his party, the PPP, remains among Pakistan's largest with his daughter Benazir Bhutto being twice elected Prime Minister while his son in law and Benazir's husband Asif Ali Zardari served as president.
Early life
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto belonged to a Sindhi Bhutto family, he was born to Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto and Khursheed Begum near Larkana. Zulfikar was their third child their first one, Sikandar Ali, had died from pneumonia at age seven in 1914 and the second Imdad Ali died of cirrhosis at age 39 in 1953. His father was the dewan of the princely state of Junagadh, and enjoyed an influential relationship with the officials of the British Raj. As a young boy, Bhutto moved to Worli Seaface in Bombay to study at the Cathedral and John Connon School later St. Xavier's College, Mumbai. He then also became an activist in the Pakistan Movement. In 1943 his marriage was arranged with Shireen Amir Begum. In 1947 Bhutto was admitted to the University of Southern California to study political science.
In 1949 as a sophomore Bhutto transferred to the University of California, Berkeley, where he earned a B.A. honours degree in political science in 1950. year later on 8 September 1951 he married a woman of Iranian Kurdish origin Nusrat Ispahani popularly known as Begum Nusrat Bhutto. During his studies in University of California Berkeley Bhutto became interested in the theories of socialism delivering a series of lectures on their feasibility in Islamic countries. During this time Bhutto's father played a controversial role in the affairs of Junagadh. Coming to power in a palace coup. He secured the accession of his state to Pakistan, which was ultimately negated by Indian intervention in December 1947. In June 1950, Bhutto travelled to the United Kingdom to study law at Christ Church, Oxford and received a BA in jurisprudence, followed by an LLM degree in law and an M.Sc. honours degree in political science. Upon finishing his studies. He served as a lecturer in international law at the University of Southampton in 1952 and he was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1953. He was fellow of Barrister Ijaz Hussain Batalvi who later appeared in his case as prosecutor.
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